Journal of Plant Molecular Breeding
Volume:9 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2021

In plant innate immunity, the first line of defense against microbial pathogens is triggered by the perception of molecular signatures of the pathogens, by a highly sensitive membrane resident immune receptors. These pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are perceived by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) of the host to initiate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). The endogenous plant signals, which are called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are generated under different circumstances such as wounding, biotic and abiotic stresses. The DAMPs can activate the PTI and subsequently trigger the immune system in plants. These peptide signals called plant elicitor peptides (Peps) first discovered in Arabidopsis thaliana and later their orthologues were identified in different plant species. Peps are involved in immunity against diverse biotic and abiotic stresses and can fine-tune immune signaling pathways. So far, eight endogenous signals (AtPep1 to AtPep8) are discovered in the model plant A. thaliana. Recent studies revealed that the Pep members are not redundant and each of them has a specific function. AtPeps-triggered immunity is emerging as a highly complex, dynamic and a coordinated process involved in immune signaling cascades and consequently induces adequate defense responses. Therefore, it is possible to apply synthetic Peps to induce the immune system against microbial infections in plants. Here, the recent researches and progresses on Pep-triggered signaling are presented from their first discovery until now. Furthermore, the finding of their corresponding receptors AtPEPR1 and AtPEPR2 is explained in detail. Moreover, the subsequent events in the cells as the consequence of AtPeps perception are highlighted.

The present study investigated the effect of 14 treatments consisting yeast extract (YE) (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2 g/l), salicylic acid (SA) (0, 40, 80, 160, 320 mg/l) and YE (1 and 1.5 g/l) in combination with SA (80 and 160 mg/l) foliar application on essential oil content and constituents of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. Essential oils analyzed by GC/MS and a total of 39 compounds were identified that the major constituents were citronellol, trans-carveol, γ-3-carene, linalool, citral and carvacrol acetate, respectively (42.8 to 48.0% in total). Citronellol was the main constituent of essential oils with 11.05%. SA and YE significantly altered the amount of 23 constituents of lemon balm essential oil (P˂0.01). The highest citronellol, linalool and citral (14.50, 7.9 and 8%, respectively) production was obtained at 1.5 g/l YE+160 mg/l SA treated plants that was 103, 88 and 203% higher than control plants, respectively. The highest essential oil content (0.336% v/w) that was 49% higher than control was achieved by 1.0 and 1.5g/l YE+160 mg/l SA treatments. The principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap indicated that the content of compounds varied with different treatment and also revealed a clear separation between control and treatment groups. The results suggested that SA, YE and SA in combination with YE has considerable ability to stimulate the production of major constituent such as citronellol, citral, and linalool in the lemon balm.

Herbal plants play significant roles in the treatment of diseases and development of novel drugs. Salsola vermiculata is an annual plant which is broadly distributed in the southwest Asia, and used for the treatment of stomach disorders. This present study aimed at identifying and comparing the metabolic profiles of different parts of S. vermiculata and evaluating the inhibitory potential of their extracts and fractions against acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase. LC-ESI-MS, GC, and GC-MS analytical methods were employed for metabolite profiling of the extracts, and their fractions. The inhibitory activities were determined by microplate reader-based colorimetric methods. 44 metabolites were identified in different parts of S. vermiculata. In roots, vanillic acid, rutin, salsoline, salsoline A, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, cumin aldehyde, and carvone; in seeds, vanillic acid, salsoline A, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, carvone, and β-caryophyllene; in leaves, gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, rosmaric acid, rutin, quercetin, limonene, and carvone, and in flowers, gallic acid, vanillic acid, cinnamic acid, rosmaric acid, rutin, kaempferol, limonene, linalool, and carvone were reported as major components. According to the inhibitory activities results, the ethyl acetate fractions of leaves and the aqueous-acid fraction of roots displayed the highest inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (IC50: 17.24 µg/mL), and α-glucosidase (IC50: 62.37 µg/mL), respectively. Finally, the leaves and roots of S. vermiculata are rich of phenolic and alkaloid compounds and the findings of this study describe them as a promising acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitors, and therefore, can be utilized for the development of new drugs.

Genetic relationships among twenty-three Chickpea genotypes include seven Chickpea cultivars, and 16 wild genotypes were analysed by 10 ISSR markers. On average, 11 bands per primer were observed, and 83.4 % polymorphic bands were shared in ISSR analysis. The results of clustering demonstrated the efficiency of ISSR markers (particularly ISSR1 (UBC-834) and ISSR8 (UBC-864)) for reporting appropriate parents for breeding programs to biotic and abiotic stresses. Principle Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) clustered 23 Chickpea genotypes in two groups by which six cultivars separated in one group. Genetic data extracted from ISSR analysis are practical in Chickpea to choose parental sources for inbreeding programs.

Algae are an enormous biological group, forming 50% of photosynthetic organisms. In addition to having chlorophyll for the absorption of light photons, algae are rich in red, orange, and yellow carotenoids, which mainly protect cells against harmful radiation and free radicals. Moreover, these organisms have phycobiliproteins (red and blue pigments), which are involved in capturing and passing light energy to chlorophylls during photosynthesis and have a wide range of antioxidant properties. Algae also play a key role in substituting artificial colorants with natural colorants due to the adverse side-effects of chemical colorants, especially since natural colors are commonly used by individuals and various industries. Recently, algal pigments have been widely used in medical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical industries owing to their antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, antimalarial, and neuroprotective properties. The growing demand for algal bioproducts highlights the importance of evaluating the trends influential factors in their production. The current review study provided an introduction to algal pigment classification, distribution, function, application, and biological production. In addition, we have discussed crucial biochemical pathways, enzymes, and gene/biotechnological modifications, such as transformation and expression regulation, which noticeably affect the metabolism of their sink and source.

To establish a highly efficient plant regeneration system for some Iranian wheat, this study was done. MS mediums supplemented with different combinations of 2, 4-D, NAA, Dicamba, and different combinations of Thidiazuron and BAP, were evaluated for callus induction and regeneration respectively. The results showed that the efficiency of mature embryo for tissue culture response was significantly influenced by the genotypes, the auxins types and concentrations. Medium supplemented with 2 mg/L Dicamba give the best response on callus inducing and also gave the highest rate of plant regeneration. Regeneration response mainly affected by auxins types and concentrations on callus induction medium. There was no significant effect of cytokinin treatments on regeneration properties. Three different organic compounds were used to improve callus induction and plant regeneration response of elite cultivars. The results showed that the Casein hydrolyzed at 3 g/L and Tryptone at 5 g/L had greatest impact on callus induction and plant regeneration of wheat respectively.

There is an imbalance between increase rate in demand for agricultural products and the growth rate of agricultural production. Much of this production deficit is attributed to abiotic stresses. These stresses reduce the yield of crops by more than 50%. Obviously, it worth studying any idea which may lead to reducing the damages of them. In the present research, the transcription level of Catalase in root and shoot of Oryza sativa var. IR64 and Aeluropus littoralis using qtr.PCR and the Aromatic and Instability indices based on amino acid composition were evaluated. The samples were taken at short-term, mid-term and long-term stress span. Analysis of the results showed significant differences in the both gene expression and studied biochemical aspects. The expression of catalase gene in Aeluropus roots was periodic and showed a twice increase and then a decrease however in roots of rice there was just a rise in its expression. In the all sampling of the rice shoots, CAT gene expression levels were either lower or without any significant different in contrast to the control samples. Meanwhile, the rates of expression in most of stressed Aeluropus shoots were significantly higher than control samples. Comparison of the biochemical indices showed that Aeluropus has a relative superiority over rice in terms of amino acid sequences. Based on the evaluated indices, the differences of response to salinity stress in the studied plants could be attributed to the differences in the promoter and nucleotide sequences of their genes.